Murciélagos como vectores de enfermedades virales e impacto en la salud humana

Introducción: Los murciélagos se destacan por ser los únicos mamíferos voladores, con alrededor de 1 400 especies que cumplen un rol fundamental como controladores de plagas y polinizadores de plantas nocturnas. Sin embargo, su influencia sobre la salud humana se ha evidenciado cada vez más, en particular después del surgimiento de brotes epidémicos de enfermedades virales asociadas a estos mamíferos. Objetivo: Analizar la influencia de los murciélagos en la salud humana, centrándose en su papel como portadores de enfermedades virales y su potencial como reservorios y vectores de enfermedades. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura utilizando descriptores MeSH y términos como: Animals, Wild Chiroptera, Virus Diseases, Zoonoses, Disease Vectors, Disease Reservoirs, Public Health, bats, Communicable Disease Control, Disease Outbreaks, Prevention and Control. Se revisaron 1 442 artículos en bases de datos y documentos oficiales, se seleccionaron las fuentes relevantes con Mendeley Desktop 1.19.4. y se obtuvieron al final 47 artículos. Resultados: Existen varias especies de murciélagos que pueden afectar la salud del ser humano y que albergan en especial virus de las familias Filoviridae, Coronaviridae y Paramixoviridae. Los murciélagos se consideran incubadoras óptimas para la propagación de virus debido a su sistema inmune único que lo hace resistente a estos agentes infecciosos. Conclusiones: La vigilancia y monitoreo de los murciélagos, junto con acciones de educación pública y una gestión adecuada de sus hábitats, son fundamentales para la detección temprana y prevención de la transmisión de nuevos virus de estos mamíferos a los humanos.

Introduction: Bats are the only flight mammals, with around 1,400 species playing critical roles as pest controllers and nocturnal plant pollinators. However, its impact on human health has become increasingly evident, especially after the appearance of epidemic outbreaks of viral diseases related to these mammals. Objetive: To analyze the influence of bats on human health, focusing on their role as carriers of viral diseases and their potential as reservoirs and vectors of diseases. Methods: A literature bibliographical review was conducted using MeSH descriptors and keywords such as: Animals, Wild Chiroptera, Virus Diseases, Zoonosis, Disease Vectors, Disease Reservoirs, Public Health, bats, Communicable Disease Control, Disease Outbreaks, Prevention and Control. 1442 articles in databases and official documents were reviewed, selecting the relevant sources with Mendeley Desktop 1.19.4., obtaining 47 articles at the end. Results: There are several species of bats that can affect human health and that mainly harbor viruses from the Filoviridae families, Coronaviridae and Paramyxoviridae. Bats are considered optimal incubators for the spread of the virus due to their unique immune system that makes them particularly resistant to these infectious agents. Conclusions: Surveillance and monitoring of bats, together with public education actions and proper management of their habitats, are essential for early detection and prevention of transmission of new viruses from these mammals to humans.

Seroprevalence of human toxocariasis in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: The current study aimed to quantitatively synthesize available evidence regarding the seroprevalence of human toxocariasis in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods: A systematic research involving six electronic databases was conducted using a research strategy that combined MeSH terms with free terms. Article selection and information extraction were performed using a double and independent approach. The Newcastle-Ottawa tool was used to assess the risk of bias in the included articles. The meta-analysis used the random-effects approach, with subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis for risk of bias also being performed. Results: We included 101 articles with a total of 31,123 participants. The studies were conducted between 1990 and 2022, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of studies (n = 37). The overall seroprevalence of human toxocariasis was 31.0% (95% CI: 27.0-35.0%, I2 = 99%). The prevalence of the main characteristics observed in seropositive patients were as follows: ocular toxocariasis (30.0%), asymptomatic (26.0%), and presence of dogs at home (68.0%). In addition, the seroprevalence was lower in studies including only adults than in those including children or both. In contrast, no differences in seroprevalences were found between studies conducted in the community and hospital. Conclusion: The overall seroprevalence of human toxocariasis in Latin America and the Caribbean was high. Notably, our findings showed that the seroprevalence was increased among populations who kept a dog at home but was decreased in populations comprising only adults. Our findings can be used to establish epidemiological surveillance strategies for the prevention and early identification of toxocariasis.

Evaluación prospectiva de las iniciativas en contra de las zoonosis de países de América Latina / Prospective evaluation of the initiatives against the zoonoses of Latin American countries

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar comparativamente las iniciativas a escala nacional en contra de las zoonosis en países de América Latina mediante la adaptación de la evaluación prospectiva. Materiales y Métodos Se analizó la vigilancia de los eventos de interés en salud pública y medidas ejecutadas y se adaptó el método de evaluación prospectiva de Haegeman con cinco criterios: evaluación, pertinencia, eficacia, oportunidad y sostenibilidad; estos fueron especificados y aplicados de manera cualitativa para medir el logro y el efecto de cada una de las iniciativas, determinando la eficacia de manera objetiva y acortando el tiempo de comparabilidad. Resultados Los principales objetivos de los programas de zoonosis son reducir morbimortalidad, fortalecer la vigilancia epidemiológica y capacidad nacional. Los eventos vigilados se clasificaron en virales, bacterianos, parasitarios y acciones contra la mordedura por animal ponzoñoso y tenencia responsable de mascotas. Las medidas para controlar las zoonosis incluyen cinco actividades: promoción, prevención, diagnóstico, vigilancia y control. De los cinco criterios valorados, se infirió que las iniciativas siguen las recomendaciones de los reglamentos internacionales. Incluyeron colaboración ¡ntersectorial y corresponsabilidad social y fueron consecuentes con los objetivos planteados y sostenibles en el tiempo. Conclusiones La evaluación prospectiva evidenció que la pertinencia de los programas se ve reflejada en cómo los objetivos se enfocan en las necesidades de la sociedad frente a los riesgos de contagio de enfermedades zoonóticas. Las acciones implementadas de manera colaborativa apuntan a generar un impacto positivo con la sociedad y el ecosistema.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate comparatively national-scale initiatives against zoonoses in LA countries through the adaptation of prospective evaluation. Materials and Methods The surveillance of events of interest in public health and the measures carried out were analyzed and the prospective evaluation method of Haegeman was adapted, with five criteria: evaluation, relevance, efficacy, timeliness and sustainability; they were specified and applied qualitatively to measure the achievement and effect of each of the initiatives; determining the effectiveness objectively and shortening the comparability time. Results The main objectives of zoonoses programs are to reduce morbidity and mortality, strengthen epidemiological surveillance and national capacity. Monitored events are classified into: viral, bacterial, parasitic and actions against poisonous animal bites and responsible pet ownership. Measures to control zoonoses include five activities: promotion, prevention, diagnosis, surveillance, and control. From the five criteria evaluated, it is inferred that the initiatives follow the recommendations of international regulations, include intersectoral collaboration and social co-responsibility, and are consistent with the objectives set and sustainable over time. Conclusions The prospective evaluation shows that the relevance of the programs is reflected in how the objectives are focused on the needs of society in the face of the risks of contagion of zoonotic diseases and the actions implemented collaboratively aim to generate a positive impact with society and the ecosystem.

Anisakis and anisakidosis: hosts and case reports in South America. Systematic review / Anisákidos y anisakidosis: reportes de caso y hospedadores en América del Sur. Revisión sistemática

Abstract Introduction: Anisakidosis is a disease caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood parasitized by nematode larvae of the family Anisakidae. Even though it is a public health issue in Europe and Asia, it is relatively unknown in South America. Objective: To present case reports on anisakidosis and the intermediate hosts of Anisakis reported in South America. Materials and methods: A systematic review was conducted in Medline, Cochrane, Embase, LILACS and Scopus using a structured search of MeSH and DeCS descriptors. The search strategy included publication period: inception of each database-September 2018; languages: English, Spanish, and Portuguese; and study types: case reports and observational cross-sectional studies. The review was complemented with an unstructured search in SciELO and Google Scholar. Results: The initial search yielded 172 articles. After removing duplicates and reviewing the inclusion criteria, 69 studies were selected for full analysis: 19 case reports and 50 host records. The most reported form of anisakidosis was gastrointestinal anisakidosis with 45 cases; this infectious disease was caused by a single larva in 41 people (91.1%). Reports of 95 species of fish for human consumption parasitized by larvae of the genera Anisakis, Contracaecum, Pseudoterranova and Hysterothylacium were identified in Argentina (22 fish species), Brazil (34 species), Chile (15 species), Colombia (17 species), Ecuador (8 species), Peru (7 species), Uruguay and Venezuela (2 species each). Conclusion: Anisakidosis is a latent risk in South America, so it is necessary to establish effective regulations for efficiently controlling the appearance of this parasitic disease in the region. Furthermore, the general population should receive more information about the precautions regarding saltwater fish consumption.

Resumen Introducción. La anisakidosis es una parasitosis ocasionada por el consumo de pescado de mar crudo o semicrudo parasitado por larvas de nematodos de la familia Anisakidae. En Europa y Asia es un problema de salud pública; sin embargo, en América del Sur es poco conocida. Objetivo. Identificar los reportes de caso de anisakidosis y los hospedadores intermediarios de anisákidos reportados en América del Sur. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática en Medline, Cochrane, Embase, LILACS y Scopus mediante la búsqueda estructurada de términos MeSH y DeCS. Estrategia de búsqueda: periodo de publicación: inicio de cada base de datos-septiembre de 2018; idiomas: inglés, español y portugués; tipos de estudio: reportes de caso y estudios transversales observacionales. La revisión fue complementada con una búsqueda no estructurada en SciELO y Google Scholar. Resultados. La búsqueda inicial arrojó 172 artículos. Una vez removidos los duplicados y revisados los criterios de inclusión, se seleccionaron 69 estudios para análisis completo: 19 reportes de caso y 50 registros de hospedadores. La forma de anisakidosis más reportada fue la gastrointestinal, con 45 casos, donde la parasitosis fue causada por una larva única en 41 casos (91.1%). Se identificaron reportes de 95 especies de peces para consumo humano parasitadas por los géneros Anisakis, Contracaecum, Pseudoterranova e Hysterothylacium en los siguientes países: Argentina (22 especies), Brasil (34 especies), Chile (15 especies), Colombia (17 especies), Ecuador (8 especies), Perú (7 especies), Venezuela (4 especies) y Uruguay (2 especies). Conclusión. La anisakidosis es un riesgo latente para América del Sur, por lo que es necesario instaurar normativas efectivas para controlar su aparición en la región y brindar más información a la población general sobre las precauciones necesarias en relación con el consumo de pescado de agua salada.

Zoonotic risk of Hansen's disease from community contact with wild armadillos: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Understanding and quantifying the risk of Hansen's disease (HD) through zoonotic transmission of Mycobacterium leprae infection from wild armadillos is important because hunting, handling and consumption of these animals is widespread in communities where HD is endemic, posing a potential threat to the health of individuals and to HD elimination. We conducted a systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42019159891) of publications in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, Scopus, LILACS, Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações, Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações de CAPES, and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde up to 09/05/2020 using Mesh and text terms in English, Portuguese, Spanish and French. Random effects meta-analyses were performed including of subgroups by endemicity and type of exposure. Seven of the nine included studies were case-control, four from Brazil and three from the USA, comprising 1,124 cases and 2,023 controls in total. The other two studies, one from Brazil and one from Colombia, were cross-sectional. The overall summary estimate (odds ratio, OR) for the relative odds of HD comparing people who had direct contact with armadillos and/or had eaten armadillo meat with those who had not was OR = 2.60 (95% CI 1.78-3.80, p < .001) with a predictive interval of OR = 1.10-6.17. Summary odds ratios for specific exposures were as follows: indirect contact, OR = 1.39 (95% CI 1.02, 1.89) (p = .04); eating, OR = 2.29 (95% CI 1.13, 4.66) (p = .02); hunting, OR = 2.54 (95% CI 1.21, 5.33) (p = .01). Most of the included studies had moderate risk of bias. Crude estimates were reduced by up to 24% when adjusted for confounders (where reported). Direct contact with wild armadillos was strongly associated with an increased risk of HD, whilst evidence for an increased risk of HD from indirect contact was weaker. The fraction of HD in endemic countries attributable to zoonotic transmission from armadillos remains unknown, but the precautionary principle needs to be adopted to protect public health.

Global Research Output and Theme Trends on Climate Change and Infectious Diseases: A Restrospective Bibliometric and Co-Word Biclustering Investigation of Papers Indexed in PubMed (1999-2018).

Climate change is a challenge for the sustainable development of an international economy and society. The impact of climate change on infectious diseases has been regarded as one of the most urgent research topics. In this paper, an analysis of the bibliometrics, co-word biclustering, and strategic diagram was performed to evaluate global scientific production, hotspots, and developing trends regarding climate change and infectious diseases, based on the data of two decades (1999-2008 and 2009-2018) from PubMed. According to the search strategy and inclusion criteria, a total of 1443 publications were found on the topic of climate change and infectious diseases. There has been increasing research productivity in this field, which has been supported by a wide range of subject categories. The top highly-frequent major MeSH (medical subject headings)/subheading combination terms could be divided into four clusters for the first decade and five for the second decade using a biclustering analysis. At present, some significant public health challenges (global health, and travel and tropical climate, etc.) are at the center of the whole target research network. In the last ten years, "Statistical model", "Diarrhea", "Dengue", "Ecosystem and biodiversity", and "Zoonoses" have been considered as emerging hotspots, but they still need more attention for further development.

Prevalence of Mycobacterium leprae in armadillos in Brazil: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Understanding the prevalence of M. leprae infection in armadillos is important because of evidence from Brazil and other countries of an association between contact with armadillos and the development of Hansen's Disease (leprosy). Our aim was to characterize studies which have investigated natural M. leprae infection in wild armadillos in Brazil, and to quantify and explore variability in the reported prevalence of infection. We conducted a systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42019155277) of publications in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, Scopus, LILACS, Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações, Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações de CAPES, and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde up to 10/2019 using Mesh and text search terms (in English, Portuguese, Spanish, and French). The 10 included studies represented a total sample of 302 armadillos comprising 207 (69%) Dasypus novemcinctus, 67 (22%) Euphractus sexcinctus, 16 (5%) Priodontes maximus, 10 (3%) Cabassous unicinctus, and 2 (1%) Cabassous tatouay from 7 different states. Methods used included histopathology (4 studies), PGL-1 and LID-1 antigen detection (4 studies) and examination for clinical signs of disease (4 studies). Eight studies used PCR of which 7 targeted the RLEP repetitive element and 3 tested for inhibitory substances. M. leprae prevalence by PCR ranged from 0% (in 3 studies) to 100% in one study, with a summary estimate of 9.4% (95% CI 0.4% to 73.1%) and a predictive interval of 0-100%. The average prevalence is equivalent to 1 in 10 armadillos in Brazil being infected with M. leprae, but wide variation in sample estimates means that the prevalence in any similar study would be entirely unpredictable. We propose instead that future studies aim to investigate transmission and persistence of M. leprae within and between armadillo populations, meanwhile adopting the precautionary principle to protect human health and an endangered species in Brazil.

Anisákidos y anisakidosis: generalidades y su actualidad en Colombia. Revisión bibliográfica / Anisakis and Anisakiasis: General aspects and current situation in Colombia

RESUMEN La anisakidosis es una parasitosis ocasionada por nematodos de la familia Anisakidae, causa-da por el consumo de pescado parasitado con larvas infectivas (L3) de estos nematodos. En Europa y Asia es un problema de salud pública. Sin embargo, en Colombia y en general en los países de América del Sur, es poco conocida. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una revisión de las generalidades de los parásitos anisákidos y mostrar la situación actual de esta parasitosis en Colombia. Se realizó una búsqueda estructurada de términos MeSH y DeCS en MEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase, LILACS y Scopus; esta se complementó con otra no estructurada en SciELO y Google Scholar. Se incluye un reporte de caso y seis registros de hospederos. Se describen registros de peces de consumo humano parasitados por Anisakis sp., Anisakis physeteris y Pseudoterranova decipiens para el Océano Pacífico y, los géneros Pseudoterranova y Contracaecum en peces del Océano Atlántico y aguas continentales. Se concluye que la anisakidosis representa un riesgo latente para Colombia, es necesario instaurar legislaciones efectivas para un control eficiente sobre esta parasitosis y educar a la población sobre los cui-dados necesarios para el consumo de pescado.

SUMMARY Anisakidosis is a parasitic disease derived from the consumption of infective larvae from Anisakidae family. In Europe and Asia is a public health problem, however, in Colombia and South American countries is little known. The objective is to review Anikids general aspects and find out about the current situation of this disease in Colombia. Search of MeSH and DeCS terms, through MEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase, and Scopus databases, complemented with grey literature from SciELO and Google Scholar, was made. One case report and six host records were included. Records of fish for human consumption from Pacific Ocean parasitized by Anisakis sp., Anisakis physeteris and Pseudoterranova decipiens are described, as well as for fish from Atlantic Ocean and inland waters with genera Pseudoterranova and Contracaecum. Anisakidosis represents a latent risk for Colombia; it is necessary to establish effective legislations for an efficient control of the emergence of this parasitic disease, as well as to educate people about needed precautions considering fish consumption.

Occupational history of exposure to zoonotic agents in people dedicated to livestock in San Pedro de los Milagros, Antioquia, Colombia / Antecedentes ocupacionales de la exposición a agentes zoonóticos en personas dedicadas a la ganadería en San Pedro de los Milagros, Antioquia, Colombia

Abstract Introduction: According to the World Health Organization, livestock farming is one of the anthropic activities in which workers are exposed to various zoonotic agents. Objectives: To establish the frequency of seropositivity (IgG antibodies) against some zoonotic agents in people with occupational exposure to livestock in San Pedro de los Milagros (Antioquia), and to analyze associated factors. Materials and methods: Descriptive study carried out on a population of 328 cattle farmers. Demographic data were collected and the seropositivity frequency of IgG antibodies to Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia chaffensis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis, Brucella abortus, Brucella suis, Leptospira interrogans, and Toxoplasma gondii was determined. Overall and specific prevalence, prevalence ratios and binary logistic regressions were estimated. Results: The highest seropositivity frequencies were 47.6% for T. gondii, 33.5% for B. burgdorferi and 13% for E. chaffensis. The prevalence of T. gondii and B. burgdorferi had statistical association with sex [RP:1.3 (CI:1.0-1.8) and 2.0 (CI:1.1-3.9) respectively], and age group [(RP:1.5 (CI:1.2-1,9) and 2.5 (CI:1.4-6.4) respectively]. In workers with more than 10 years of related work experience, statistical association was 50% [RP:1.5 (CI:1.2-1.9) and 2.5 (CI:1.6-2.3), respectively]. There were no seropositive results for B. abortus, B. suis, B. bovis and B. bigemina. Conclusions: Exposure to some zoonotic agents was evidenced. This is determinant for the knowledge of tropical zoonotic diseases transmitted by vectors in livestock production systems.

Resumen Introducción. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, la ganadería es una actividad antrópica profesional en la que los trabajadores se ven expuestos a diversos agentes zoonóticos. Objetivos. Determinar la frecuencia de seropositividad (anticuerpos IgG) frente a algunos agentes zoonóticos en personas con exposición ocupacional a la ganadería en San Pedro de los Milagros (Antioquia) y analizar los factores asociados. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo realizado en una población de 328 productores ganaderos. Se recolectaron datos demográficos; se determinó la frecuencia de seropositividad de anticuerpos IgG de Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia chaffensis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis, Brucella abortus, Brucella suis, Leptospira interrogans y Toxoplasma gondii, y se calcularon prevalencias globales y específicas, razones de prevalencia y regresiones logísticas binarias. Resultados. Las frecuencias más altas de seropositividad fueron 47.6% para T. gondii, 33.5% para B. burgdorferi y 13% para E. chaffensis. Las prevalencias de T. gondii y B. burgdorferi presentaron asociación estadística con el sexo (RP: 1.3 (IC: 1.0-1.8) y 2.0 (IC: 1.1-3.9), respectivamente) y el grupo etario (RP:1.5 (IC: 1.2-1.9) y 2.5 (IC: 1.4-6.4) respectivamente). En trabajadores con más de diez años en la labor la asociación estadística fue de 50% (RP:1.5 (IC:1.2-1.9) y 2.5 (IC:1.6-2.3), respectivamente). No hubo resultados de seropositividad para B. abortus, B. suis, B. bovis y B. bigemina. Conclusiones. Se evidenció exposición a algunos agentes zoonóticos, lo que resulta determinante para el conocimiento de las enfermedades zoonóticas tropicales transmitidas por vectores en la ganadería.

Survey and Phylogenetic Analysis of Rodents and Important Rodent-Borne Zoonotic Pathogens in Gedu, Bhutan.

Rodents are well-known reservoirs and vectors of many emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, but little is known about their role in zoonotic disease transmission in Bhutan. In this study, a cross-sectional investigation of zoonotic disease pathogens in rodents was performed in Chukha district, Bhutan, where a high incidence of scrub typhus and cases of acute undifferentiated febrile illness had been reported in people during the preceding 4-6 months. Twelve rodents were trapped alive using wire-mesh traps. Following euthanasia, liver and kidney tissues were removed and tested using PCR for Orientia tsutsugamushi and other bacterial and rickettsial pathogens causing bartonellosis, borreliosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, leptospirosis, and rickettsiosis. A phylogenetic analysis was performed on all rodent species captured and pathogens detected. Four out of the 12 rodents (33.3%) tested positive by PCR for zoonotic pathogens. Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella grahamii, and B. queenslandensis were identified for the first time in Bhutan. Leptospira interrogans was also detected for the first time from rodents in Bhutan. The findings demonstrate the presence of these zoonotic pathogens in rodents in Bhutan, which may pose a risk of disease transmission to humans.

La pérdida de la percepción al riesgo de zoonosis y la figura del perro comunitario / Loss of risk perception to zoonoses and the figure of community dog

Resumen Los perros son causantes de zoonosis y lesiones; en especial, si aceptamos como normales conductas peligrosas; perdiendo la percepción al riesgo a enfermar. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue demostrar, que la presencia de perros vagos y comunitarios, es un peligro para la salud y seguridad pública, a través de información epidemiológica que sustenta la medida de evitar su libre circulación. La agresividad de los perros regula sus relaciones sociales a través de sumisión o dominancia; características de difícil reconocimiento para la población humana. En Chile, 327.150 personas resultaron mordidas por perros, entre los años 2003-2012, con un costo de U$22,7 a U$177,9 millones; además de los U$3,13 millones por intervenir quirúrgicamente 767 sujetos humanos de hidatidosis durante el año 2012. Sin embargo, la zoonosis más temida es la rabia, dado el resultado mortal de ésta. No se debe tolerar la presencia de perros vagos y comunitarios en las calles, medida que debe tener un sustento técnico de salud y seguridad pública; debido a que la población ha perdido la capacidad de percibir el riesgo de contraer enfermedades zoonóticas, de altos costos para el sistema asistencial; sin considerar el desmedro económico al núcleo familiar y el daño psicológico a los afectados.

Dogs may cause zoonoses and damages; especially when we accept as normal some dangerous behavior, losing the perception of disease risk. The purpose of this review was to demonstrate that the presence of stray dogs as well as community dogs, are public health hazard. Through sustainable epidemiological information, we believe this measure could prevent it from spreading. Dog's aggressiveness regulates its social relationships through submission or dominance; those characteristics are difficult to be recognized by human population. In Chile, 327.150 people were bitten by dogs, between years 2003 and 2012 with a cost of USD$22.7 to USD$177,9 million in addition to the USD$3,13 million for the surgical intervention of 767 human subjects of Hydatidosis during 2012. However zoonosis more dangerous is Rabies with death results. As a conclusion we state that the presence of stray and community dogs in the streets cannot be tolerated. This measure must have a sustainable technical of Health and Public safety because population have lost its ability of recognize the risk of contracting zoonotic diseases, with high costs for the health care system, besides the economical decline and psychological damage to the affected individuals.

Survey and Phylogenetic Analysis of Rodents and Important Rodent-Borne Zoonotic Pathogens in Gedu, Bhutan

Rodents are well-known reservoirs and vectors of many emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, but little is known about their role in zoonotic disease transmission in Bhutan. In this study, a cross-sectional investigation of zoonotic disease pathogens in rodents was performed in Chukha district, Bhutan, where a high incidence of scrub typhus and cases of acute undifferentiated febrile illness had been reported in people during the preceding 4–6 months. Twelve rodents were trapped alive using wire-mesh traps. Following euthanasia, liver and kidney tissues were removed and tested using PCR for Orientia tsutsugamushi and other bacterial and rickettsial pathogens causing bartonellosis, borreliosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, leptospirosis, and rickettsiosis. A phylogenetic analysis was performed on all rodent species captured and pathogens detected. Four out of the 12 rodents (33.3%) tested positive by PCR for zoonotic pathogens. Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella grahamii, and B. queenslandensis were identified for the first time in Bhutan. Leptospira interrogans was also detected for the first time from rodents in Bhutan. The findings demonstrate the presence of these zoonotic pathogens in rodents in Bhutan, which may pose a risk of disease transmission to humans.

Neospora caninum : Biological Relationship with Toxoplasma gondii and its Potential as Zoonosis / Neospora caninum : Relación Biológica con Toxoplasma gondii y su Potencial como Zoonosis

ABSTRACT Objective. To carry out a systematic review of the literature on the zoonotic potential of Neospora caninum taking into account its biological relationship with Toxoplasma gondii. Materials and methods. A systematic review was carried out, using two databases for the collection of information (Science direct and Scielo), a search engine (Google Scholar) and the National University of Colombia Repository, all documents were organized through the bibliographic manager Mendeley for proper review. Key words like Neosporosis, Neospora caninum, "Toxoplasmosis", "Toxoplasma gondii", "Neospora humans", "Neospora human infection", "Neospora zoonotic" were used. A total of 8 articles were selected that look for the infection in humans. Results. Eight documents concerning the subject of Neospora in humans were used, whereas these reports show evidence of seropositivity in human samples of anti-N. caninum no studies were found that look for the isolation of the parasite in human tissues (by molecular or in vitro culture). Conclusions. According to the results of these studies, it is not ruled out that the existence of cross-reactions with T. gondii and therefore it should not be ruled out that Neosporosis can behave as a zoonosis. In this regard, more research is required to demonstrate exposure, associated clinical signs, or pathologies related to this infection.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre el potencial zoonótico de Neospora caninum teniendo en cuenta su relación biológica con Toxoplasma gondii. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática, utilizando dos bases de datos para la recopilación de la información (Science direct y Scielo), un buscador (Google Scholar) y el Repositorio de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, todos los documentos fueron organizados por medio del gestor bibliográfico Mendeley para su correcta revisión. Se emplearon palabras claves como "Neosporosis", "Neospora caninum", "Toxoplasmosis", "Toxoplasma gondii", "Neospora humans", "Neospora human infection", "Neospora zoonotic". Se encontraron ocho documentos que cumplían el criterio de evaluar la infección en humanos. Resultado. Se utilizaron 8 documentos concernientes al tema de Neospora en humanos, donde se evidencia en algunos de estos reportes seropositividad en muestras de humanos, empleando diferentes técnicas serológicas para la detección de anticuerpos anti- N. caninum y anti-T. gondii, pero ninguna buscó la demostración directa del parásito en tejidos (por técnicas moleculares o cultivo). Conclusiones. Ningún estudio permite concluir definitivamente si existe infección en humanos, pues se utilizaron pruebas serológicas que tiene el riesgo de reacciones cruzadas con Toxoplasma gondii, se requieren estudios que demuestren exposición, signos clínicos asociados o patologías relacionadas con esta infección.

Brucelosis: zoonosis de importancia en México / Brucellosis: a zoonosis of importance in Mexico

Introduction: Brucellosis is one of the most frequent zoonosis in most parts of the world. This zoonosis remains a great problem to public health in developing countries, although developed countries have successfully controlled it. Mexico still shows a high annual brucellosis incidence in humans; thus, the country is considered around the world as an endemic brucellosis country. Aim: To describe the connection/association between this zoonosis and the current epidemiological situation in the Mexican population. Methods: Perusal of research reports, epidemiological studies and veterinarian reviews performed in Mexico, using data bases such as PubMed, Thompson Reuters, Mesh research. Conclusion: The risk of infection by Brucella in Mexico is associated with the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, mainly fresh cheeses.

Introducción: La brucelosis es una de las enfermedades zoonóticas más frecuentes en la mayor parte del mundo. Mientras que en los países desarrollados han logrado con éxito su control, en los países en vías de desarrollo continúa siendo un gran problema de salud pública. México continúa presentando alta incidencia anual de brucelosis en humanos, por lo que es considerado un país endémico de brucelosis. Objetivo: Describir la relación de esta zoonosis con la situación epidemiológica actual en la población de México. Material y Métodos: Consulta de reportes de investigación, estudios epidemiológicos y revisiones veterinarias, realizadas en México, a través de bases de datos como PubMed, Thompson Reuters y Meshresearch. Conclusión: El riesgo del contagio de Brucella spp. en México está asociado al consumo de productos lácteos sin pasteurizar, principalmente quesos frescos.

Modified method to enhanced recovery of Toxocara cati larvae for the purposes of diagnostic and therapeutic.

Human toxocariasis, extraintestinal-migration of Toxocara species, is a worldwide helminthic zoonosis in many places of the undeveloped countries. Toxocara cati is one of the common helminths in cats and it is a potentially preventable disease. Its diagnosis and treatment depend on the demonstration of specific excretory-secretory Toxocara antibodies from Toxocara larvae by immunological assays. This study provides a simple manual technique which can be performed in any laboratory for recovering a large number of Toxocara cati larvae from the thick-shelled eggs. The devices that are required contain a manual homogenizer and a filter membrane of 40 µm mesh; the rest of materials and solutions is standard laboratory ware. In the modified method the larval yields were 2.7 times higher (3000 larval/ml) and the time spent in performing the modified method was shorter (75 min). Further benefits over already techniques are the easy and repeatable, inexpensive and convenient materials, simplicity to perform and require less time for recovery of Toxocara cati larvae for subsequent cultivation and harvest of the larval excretory-secretory antigens for diagnostic or treatment purposes.

[Brucellosis: a zoonosis of importance in Mexico]. / Brucelosis: zoonosis de importancia en México.

INTRODUCTION: Brucellosis is one of the most frequent zoonosis in most parts of the world. This zoonosis remains a great problem to public health in developing countries, although developed countries have successfully controlled it. Mexico still shows a high annual brucellosis incidence in humans; thus, the country is considered around the world as an endemic brucellosis country. AIM: To describe the connection/association between this zoonosis and the current epidemiological situation in the Mexican population. METHODS: Perusal of research reports, epidemiological studies and veterinarian reviews performed in Mexico, using data bases such as PubMed, Thompson Reuters, Mesh research. CONCLUSION: The risk of infection by Brucella in Mexico is associated with the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, mainly fresh cheeses.

[Toxoplasmosis, a parasitic zoonoses prevalent in Chile: count and challenges]. / Toxoplasmosis, zoonosis parasitaria prevalente en Chile: recuento y desafíos.

BACKGROUND: Toxoplasmosis, cosmopolitan parasitic zoonosis often found in humans, is transmitted mainly by food and water, and is considered a significant risk of morbidity and mortality in pregnant women, newborns and immunocompromised patients. OBJECTIVE: To identify the information about this zoonosis and its first reports in Chile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Review of publications in Pubmed, Mesh search of systematic reviews, case studies, cross-sectional studies, systematic reviews, meta-analysis and specialty publications. In addition, other publications in parasitology journals were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: There are reports of the presence of this disease in Chile for 60 years. During this time several differences in prevalence depending on geographic location, age and education level of the population have been detected. There is low epidemiological vigilance and lack of specific official preventive measures for this disease, despite the possible introduction of new parasite genotypes of an increased virulence and pathogenicity in the country through the importation of meat. New enigmas have arisen in relation to this disease associating it with Alzheimer, Parkinson's disease, autism, learning disabilities, among others.

Toxoplasmosis, zoonosis parasitaria prevalente en Chile: recuento y desafíos / Toxoplasmosis, a parasitic zoonoses prevalent in Chile: count and challenges

Background: Toxoplasmosis, cosmopolitan parasitic zoonosis often found in humans, is transmitted mainly by food and water, and is considered a significant risk of morbidity and mortality in pregnant women, newborns and immunocompromised patients. Objective: To identify the information about this zoonosis and its first reports in Chile. Materials and Methods: Review of publications in Pubmed, Mesh search of systematic reviews, case studies, cross-sectional studies, systematic reviews, meta-analysis and specialty publications. In addition, other publications in parasitology journals were analyzed. Conclusions: There are reports of the presence of this disease in Chile for 60 years. During this time several differences in prevalence depending on geographic location, age and education level of the population have been detected. There is low epidemiological vigilance and lack of specific official preventive measures for this disease, despite the possible introduction of new parasite genotypes of an increased virulence and pathogenicity in the country through the importation of meat. New enigmas have arisen in relation to this disease associating it with Alzheimer, Parkinson’s disease, autism, learning disabilities, among others.

Antecedentes: La toxoplasmosis, zoonosis parasitaria cosmopolita frecuente en humanos, es transmitida principalmente por alimentos y agua, constituye un riesgo importante de morbilidad y mortalidad, en mujeres embarazadas, recién nacidos e inmunodeprimidos. Objetivo: Caracterizar la información existente de esta zoonosis y sus primeros reportes en Chile. Materiales y Métodos: Revisión de publicaciones en PubMed, búsqueda MeSH de revisiones sistemáticas, estudios de casos, estudios transversales, revisiones sistemáticas, meta-análisis y publicaciones de la especialidad. Conclusiones: Existen reportes de esta enfermedad en Chile desde hace 60 años. Durante ese período se han observado diferencias en su prevalencia dependiendo de la ubicación geográfica, edad y nivel de educación de la población en riesgo. Se observa baja vigilancia epidemiológica y escasas medidas preventivas oficiales específicas, posible introducción de nuevos genotipos del parásito de mayor virulencia y patogenicidad, a traves de la importación de carnes. Surgen, en torno a esta enfermedad, nuevos enigmas que la asocian a patología como Alzheimer, Enfermedad de Parkinson y problemas de aprendizaje, entre otros.

One Health and Zoonoses: The Evolution of One Health and Incorporation of Zoonoses.

INTRODUCTION: Zoonotic disease outbreaks have surged in the last two decades. These include severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Hendra virus, Nipah virus, influenza viruses, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, and ebola. One Health is the initiative of an inclusive collaboration linking human, animal, and environmental health. One Health is advocated through an intersectoral coordination to combat zoonoses, and the term has evolved over centuries. The primary aim of this literature review was to examine the change in the definition of the term One Health over time, particuarly following the the introduction of the latest definition in 2007 by the American Medical Association and the American Veterinary Medical Association. METHODS: This review was conducted in four phases. The first phase consisted of a general PubMed search for the phrase "One Health" for every literature published up to December 2014. Then an advanced search was carried out using "One Health" in conjunction with the terms "zoonosis" and "zoonoses" in PubMed for the time period between January 2007 and December 2014. The articles found were then categorized based on the type of journals in which the articles were published. For the second phase, "One Health" was searched as a Medical subject heading (MeSH) term, which is the National Library of Medicine controlled vocabulary thesaurus used for indexing articles. In the third phase, One Health advocate organizations were found using Google search engine. During the final phase, One Health was searched in Google scholar, examined by Google trends, and analyzed by Google ngram. RESULTS: Before 2007, One Health had many connotations to health in the medical literature with an incomplete adherence to the usage of One Health linking zoonoses. The Google trends analysis shows an overal steady increase of the search of One Health from 2007 to 2014, which is consistent with the findings of articles from Pubmed. DISCUSSION: Our results indicate that the linkage between the terms One Health and zoonoses started in 2007, which correlates with the joint declaration made by the American Medical Association and the American Veterinary Medical Association in 2007. We suggest creating a MeSH term for One Health in the PubMed database to support more specific research on zoonoses, and exploring the possibility of a patent of the term One Health to support global health and evidence based public health.

Evaluation of deltamethrin-impregnated bed nets and curtains for control of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in a hyperendemic area of Iran.

In the study carried out in the rural district of Borkhar (Isfahan, Iran) from March 2003 to March 2004 efficacy of deltamethrin impregnated bed nets (IBs) and curtains (ICs), polyester mesh size 156 holes/ inch2, (25 holes/cm2) were compared to that of non-impregnated bed nets (NIBs) and curtains (NICs), in relation to zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) control. Deltamethrin impregnated bed nets and curtains at 25 mg a.i./m2 were distributed among 168 households in one of the villages and NIBs plus NICs among the same number of households in another village. In the third village similar numbers of households were used as control. Health education messages were disseminated to ensure the population's compliance with the proper use of bed nets and curtains in the two intervention areas. Entomological surveys using sticky paper traps were carried out in ten households in each village for the collection of sand flies from indoors and outdoors, every two weeks to assess the impact of insecticide impregnated bed nets and curtains on the density of Phlebotomus papatasi. Deltamethrin susceptibility tests and also bioassay tests were carried out on this species by WHO standard method. Case findings were done by house-to-house visits once a season and all the inhabitants of the selected households in each village were examined. The results showed that IBs and ICs can provide a definite personal protection against sand fly bites and interrupted the transmission of ZCL in the intervention village. NIBs and NICs did not provide any protection against the disease. There was no significant difference in monthly density of P. papatasi in indoors and outdoors among the villages (P > 0.05). Susceptibility tests showed that this species was susceptible to deltamethrin in the field population in the area. Bioassays confirmed that the treated nets with deltamethrin remain effective for more than three months and was an excellent mean of individual protection. It is recommended that IBs and ICs can be used widely in the control of ZCL in other similar foci such as hyperendemic and mesoendemic areas of Iran.